Moral Teachings of the Catholic Church Essay Example for Free

Moral Teachings of the Catholic Church Essay Introduction: Catholics believes that acting morally means acting in accordance with the eternal laws of God, which are written into the human hearts so deeply that even those who know nothing of God can follow the path of morality. According to Cynthia Stewart, Nature law, as this interior marking is called, comes to humans through their capacity to reason, which sparks the conscience to respond to the eternal law. This means that people of other religions or the non religious all have the capacity to act as morally as catholic Christians, it is believes that they will struggle more since they will not have the benefit of the sacraments that opens them to grace to resist sin. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) regarded sin as a word, deed or desire contrary to the eternal law. The church classified sin into two parts, they are: mortal and venial sin. Catholic moral theology divides sin into two parts, primarily on the basis of degree and effect: What is mortal sin? According to http://www.catholicdoors.com/faq/qu06.htm :  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mortal sin is a radical possibility of human freedom, as is love itself. It results in the loss of charity and the private of sanctifying grace, that is, of the state of grace. If it is not redeemed by repentance of Gods forgiveness, it causes exclusion to make choices for ever, with no turning back. However, although we can judge that an act is in itself a serious offense, we must entrust judgment of persons to the justice and mercy of God.† For a sin to be mortal, three conditions must be met: Mortal sin is a sin whose object is a serious matter and which is also committed with full intension awareness and deliberate consent. A serious matter is specified by the Ten Commandments Corresponding to the answer to the rich young man: ⠝â€" Do not kill ⠝â€" Do not commit adultery ⠝â€" Do not steal ⠝â€" Do not bear false witness ⠝â€" Do not defraud ⠝â€" Honor your father and your mother What is venial sin? According to chrome://newtabhttp//christianityinview.com/catholic/morals.html: Venial (Pardonable) sin Positively, this sin does not directly destroy the relationship with God. Rather, it weakens that relationship. Unremitted venial sins can affect the duration spent in Purgatory. Therefore the church encourages confession of these types of sins as well without being strictly necessary. Confession of everyday faults (venial sins) is nevertheless strongly recommended by the church. Example of venial sin is, selfishness, jealously and anger. Venial sin involves the disobedience of the law of God in slight (venial) matters. If we gossip and destroy a persons reputation it would be a mortal sin. However, normally gossip is about trivial matters and only venially sinful. Additionally, something that is otherwise a mortal sin (e.g. slander) may be in a particular case only a venial sin. The person may have acted without reflection or under force of habit. Thus, not fully intending the action their guilt before God is reduced. It is always good to remember, especially those who are trying to be faithful but sometimes fall, that for mortal sin it must not only be, 1) Serious matter, but 2) The person must know it is serious and then 3) Freely commit it as was said previously. These two categories of sin are explicitly to be found in Sacred Scripture. In the Old Covenant there were sins that merited the death penalty and sins that could be expiated by an offering. This Law was a teacher that prepared the way for the faith (Gal. 3:24). In the New Covenant these material  categories are replaced by spiritual ones, natural death by eternal death. There are thus daily faults for which we must daily ask forgiveness (Mt. 6:12), for even the just man falls seven times a day (Prov. 24:16), and mortal faults that separate the sinner from God (1 Cor. 6:9-10) for all eternity. Indulgence The punishment of sin is also divided into two parts by catholic theology; they are, eternal and temporal. Normally, the eternal punishment for sin can be remitted through the Sacrament of Reconciliation. However, the church maintains that there is still a temporal punishment to be borne, as all sin is an affront to God. This then leads to the idea of Purgatory as a place where unremitted sin can be removed in the afterlife. Temporal punishment can be reduced or removed/ forgiven due to the concept of merit. Merit Doing more then is required by God can earn an individual merit. The most important merit is Christ himself, this is adequate enough to eliminate temporal penalty for all sin. The Merits of Christ and the saints form a treasury of merit. The Catholic Church maintains that it has the authority to dispense merit because of Christ’s promise to peter in Matthew 16:19. Therefore an Indulgence is simply a way of using this extra merit to reduce or remove the temporal penalty of sin. Indulgences may only be given to those who have no unconfessed mortal sins. According to whether the temporal penalty of sin is partially or fully removed, the Indulgence is called Partial or Plenary respectively. Abortion: Abortion is referred to as any death of a baby in the womb and its expulsion form the mother’s body according to today’s issues and Christian beliefs. Since the first century the church has affirmed the moral evil of every procured abortion. This teaching has not change and remains unchangeable.  Direct abortion, that is to say, abortion willed either as an end or a means, is gravely contrary to the mortal law. It is important to distinguish between direct and indirect abortion: Indirect abortion occurs when treatment given to save the life of the Mother has the secondary effect of causing an abortion. In certain cases, this is considered permissible. The seriousness of the matter is highlighted by the fact that those who participate in or carry out direct abortions face the penalty of automatic excommunication from the church. The catholic theology teachings that human life begins from the moment of conception and as our entire human the unborn child should be see as a child of God as should therefore be protected. Hence the deliberate abortion of a child is a serious in all circumstances for it the killing of an innocent individual. The views of the religious leader of the Catholic Church have always been against as is proven by the following statements. â€Å"Human life is sacred; all men must recognize that fact† Pope Paul VI (Humanae Vitae) â€Å"Life must be protected with the utmost care from the moment of the conception: abortion and infanticide are abominable crimes† (Vatican II, Gaudium et Spes 51) The bible also gives perspectives on abortion in the following verses: Genesis 1:27 â€Å"God created human beings in his own imagine in the image of God he created them, male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to them â€Å"be fruitful and increase†. Luke 12:6 â€Å"Jesus said, â€Å"isn’t five sparrows sold for two pennies? Yet not one sparrow is forgotten by God. Even the hairs of your head have all been counted. â€Å" Isaiah 49:15-16 â€Å"so the lord answers, ‘can a woman forget her own baby and not love the child she bore? Even if a mother should forget her child, I will never forget you! I have written your name in the palms of my hand. Contraceptives Contraception is â€Å"any actions which, either in anticipation of the conjugal act or in its accomplishment, or in the development of its natural consequences, proposes, whether as an end or as a means, to render procreation impossible† according to Humanae vitae 14. This includes sterilization, condoms and other barrier methods, spermicidal, coitus interruptus (withdrawal method), the pill, and all other such methods. The Catholic Church has strongly condemned all artificial methods of Contraceptives. Infact the church regards contraception as mortally sinful. The official position is stated in the papal encyclical Humanae Vitae , issued by Pope Paul VI in 1968. Though the Catholic Church rejects contraception, it does encourage a responsible attitude amongst couples in their spacing of births. It permits what is known as Natural family planning (NFP), which is a method whereby intercourse is avoided on those days when a woman is at the most fertile phase of her menstrual cycle. NFP can be taught by a specialist practitioner and success rates of well over 90% are claimed when the method is correctly followed. The bibles perspective on contraceptive: Genesis 38:8-10 â€Å" then Judah said Er’s brother Onan , â€Å"go and sleep with your brother’s widow, fulfill your obligations to her as her husbands brother, so that your brother may have descendants. But knew the children would not belong to him. So he had intercourse with her, he left his semen spill on the ground so there would be not descendants of his brother, what he did displeased the lord and he killed him also. Homosexuality Homosexuality refers to elations between men or between woman who experience an exclusive or predominant sexual attraction toward persons of the same sex according to chrome://newtabhttp//www.catholic.com/tracts/homosexuality. The Catholic view is that all Homosexual acts are morally and intrinsically wrong and thus the church requires people with Homosexual leanings to remain celibate. It also encourages proper respect as human beings for all Homosexual people, being opposed to any form of discrimination and persecution of Homosexuals. The church distinguishes between Homosexual acts and Homosexual leanings the latter may not be necessarily sinful. In 1986, the church issued its Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church on the Pastoral Care of Homosexual Persons, explaining this distinction: Although the particular inclination of the homosexual person is not a sin, it is a more or less strong tendency ordered toward an intrinsic moral evil; thus the inclination itself must be seen as an objective disorder. In 2005, the church issued its Instruction Concerning the Criteria for the Discernment of Vocations with regard to Persons with Homosexual Tendencies in view of their Admission to the Seminary and t o Holy Orders. The policy states that those men with deeply rooted homosexual tendencies cannot be ordained under any circumstances. The rejection of homosexual behavior that is found in the Old Testament is well known. In Genesis19, two angels in disguise visit the city of Sodom and are offered hospitality and shelter by lot. During the night, the men of Sodom demand that lot hand over his guests for homosexual intercourse. Lot refuses, and the angels blind the men of Sodom. Lot and his household escape and the town is destroyed by fire â€Å"because the outcry against its people has become great before the lord.† (Genesis 19:13). The incident is not the only time the Old Testament deals with homosexuality. An explicit condemnation is found in the book of Leviticus: â€Å"you shall not lie with a male as with a  woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall be put to death, their blood is upon them† ( Lev. 18:22:20:13) Summary: To act morally is to follow God’s eternal law which is written deeply in the hearts of every human being despite race or religion. Even thought the ability to act morally is in us as human being we often fall victims to sin. Sin refers to an immoral act considered to be a transgression against divine law, the church divides sin into two categories, Mortal sin, which is an unpardonable sin entailing a total loss of grace. Examples of mortal sin are: adultery, abortion, murder. Venial sin the other types of sin are referred to as a relatively slight sin that does not entail damnation of soul. Example of venial sin is: selfishness, anger, jealousy. Issues that impact us today are: ⠝â€" Abortion which is refers to as the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy or a miscarriage. The Catholic Church has consistently condemned the act of abortion. Catholics views human life as sacred and maintains that it should be protected by every means necessary as was stated by Pope Paul VI (Humanae Vitae). Biblical prove can also be found in Psalm 127:3 â€Å"Truly children are a gift from the lord; the fruit of the womb is a reward.† ⠝â€" Contraceptive can be defined as the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse. The Catholic Church has strongly condemned all artificial methods of contraceptives as regards it as mortally sinful. Biblical proof to support this view can be found in Jeremiah 1:5 â€Å"I chose you before I gave you life, and before you were born I selected you to be a prophet to the nations.† ⠝â€" Homosexuality is the manifestation of sexual desire towards a member of one’s own sex. The Catholic Church encourages proper respect as human beings even homosexuals although Catholics view are that all homosexual acts are intrinsically and morally wrong and encourages people with homosexual feelings to remain celibate. The bible conforms this in Leviticus 18:22 â€Å"thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination† Catholic theology also divides punishment for sins such as  those listed above in to two parts; they are eternal punishment which is sins that can be remitted through the sacrament of reconciliation. And temporal punishment which refers to punishment that can be reduce, removed or forgiven due to the concept of merit. Merit is referred to as doing more then is required by God.

Leonardo Da Vinci :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leonardo Da Vinci was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, and naturalist. He was born in Vinci, Tuscany and was the son of a notary. He studied painting with Verrocchio in Florence. He worked at Ludovico Sforza’s court in Milan as an architect, military engineer, inventor, theatrical designer, sculptor, musician, scientist, art theorist, and painter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leonardo wanted his paintings to express the laws of light and space and of sciences like anatomy, botany, and geology. He often accompanied condemned criminals to their execution to study the expressions on their faces and he dissected thirty cadavers to perfect his knowledge of anatomy. He was fascinated with the dynamic movement to be found in nature. He was considered a genius and a very handsome man and is still thought of as on e of the most gifted men in the human race.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the things that fascinated everyone about him was the enticing smile he painted on the faces of some women. It was called â€Å"more divine than human† and seemed to move before our eyes. The mystery of the smile is most often associated with the Mona Lisa, one of the world’s most famous images, but it first appeared 20 years before in the angel from The Madonna of the Rocks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several theories as to whose smile cast such a spell on Leonardo. One of them is Cecilia Gallerani, who was celebrated for her beauty and was painted by Leonardo when she was seventeen. However, no one knows where that portrait is. It is said that he painted her again as Lady with an Ermine and then as the angel in The Madonna of the Rocks. He seems to have loved the painting of the angel so much that he kept it for himself and painted another one.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another theory is that, previous to Leonardo, painters outlined their figures, so that they stood away from the background in stiff, immobile poses. He deliberately omitted outlines, blurred and softened the corners of the eyes and mouth, blending light into shadow, giving life to his figures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lastly, during the Renaissance, well-born maidens were carefully schooled to â€Å"charm†. Women were advised to close their mouths from time to time at the right corner with a suave movement, and open it slightly at the left as if you were smiling secretly and perhaps Leonardo was just painting the way a thousand well-born ladies smiled in his day.

APA Essay Format †Most Commonly Used Citations

APA Essay Format – Most Commonly Used Citations Full APA Referencing and Formatting Guide for College StudentsWhat is APA Referencing Style using APA Essay Format?The APA referencing style refers to the American Psychological Association format that is used in colleges and universities around the worlds for writing essays, dissertations, and coursework. It is more common college writing formats in nursing colleges, business-related, or social sciences courses. The latest guide of APA essay format is the 6th edition, and has strict rules on citing a research paper sources, formatting reference lists, and creating chapters, sub chapters, and figures. Below, you will learn how to format your APA essay format using 6th edition and list your sources.General Rules of APA 6th StyleThe main parts of your APA paper are: Title page Abstract (if required) Body of the essay References List of figures (if required) List of tables (of required) Appendices (if required)Title Page in APA Referencing StyleIn APA style, you will need to include a title page that includes the following APA headings section: Title of the paper The author’s name Institution On the title page, you will need to format your header differently than the rest of the paper as follows: â€Å"Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER† on the top right corner of the page. On the rest of the paper, you will only have to include the title, without the â€Å"Running head†.For additional details, you can review a title page template right here:What is an abstract page and how to write good Abstract APAAPA Essay FormatThe abstract of your essay needs to include the page header, and the keywords along with a short synopsis of the essay, in 150-250 words.How to Format Your APA Paper – Essay BodyThe main body of the APA paper has to include headings to correctly format the content. Level 1 headings are centred, bold, and title case. Level 2 headings are aligned left and bold. Level 3 headings are bold, indented, and lowercase, with a full stop at the end. Indent all new paragraphs when introducing a new idea. Do not add extra space between paragraphs.References: APA Bibliography FormatYou always have to include your references in your APA style paper. The general rules of referencing are as follows: Reference all authors consulted writing the paper. List your sources in an alphabetical order Use the following format:APA in text Citation – Referencing StyleGeneral APA referencing rules Provide the page number for all direct quotes, and use quotation marks If direct quotations are longer than 40 words, use a ? inch indentation for the entire quote If you are paraphrasing a statement made by an author, always include the page number. If there are no page numbers as you are citing a website, use the paragraph number instead in the following format: â€Å"para. 1†. Citing more than one source If you would like ot know how to cite more than one source in a sentence apa then remember that you shoudl list all the sources separated by â€Å";†. Referencing work with one author When referencing a work with one author, you simply use their surname. For two authors, connect the two names with a â€Å"&† sign. Referencing multiple authors When mentioning the work of three to five authors, mention all of their surnames the first time, and only write the first author’s name when you mention the same work again, followed by the â€Å"et al.† abbreviation. Make sure that you do not put a period after the â€Å"et†. For six or more authors, always use â€Å"et al.† after the first author’s name from the first instance. Referencing an unkown author When referencing a work from an unknown author, use the title of the paper instead. If the paper is written by an author identified as â€Å"Anonymous†, use this instead of the surname. Referecning personal communication If you are referring to personal communication, reference it with the name, followed by â€Å"personal communication†, and the exact date.Reference Page APA 6th Referencing GuideWhen writing your reference page, make sure you keep an alphabetical order based on the last name of the authors. If you quote multiple sources from the same author, list the references in chronological order. The name of the authors in APA 6th referencing is inverted, therefore, you list the surname first, and the first name second. Use a hanging indentation for each reference, with no indent on the first line and indentation for the following lines that belong to the same source. See an some APA citation examples and reference list below:Listing Special SourcesMotion Pictures APA Referencing List the name of the directors and producers followed by â€Å"(director)† and â€Å"(producer)†, followed by the production date. the title of the movie in Italics, and the location of the file, DVD, online resource, or tape. Music Recordings APA Citation Use the songwriter’s and the singer’s name followed by the year and title, format, and location of the recording. If the recording has a publisher, list this, as well as the city where the music was publisted, Online Periodicals APA Essay format Use the same APA Essay format for listing the source as normal journal articles, however, if there is a DOI assigned, this is required in the reference. If there is no DOI, you must list the url where the article is available, after adding â€Å"Retrieved from†.Word of Caution when Using APA Bibliography FormatWhen citing longer works, such as journals or books, use italics for the title. Do not use quotes for titles, or italicise the title of shorter works. Never abbreviate the name of the journal: always list it as full, with title case. In APA Essay Format 6th edition, not all online journal articles need a URL address, and if you can locate the DOI number, you need to use this instead. Make sure that when you list unpublished manuscripts, you state this in your APA reference list. Check the special requirements for each paper before starting to write your APA paper.Where to Get More Help on How to Write an APA essay?There are so many resources on the web that goes into a lot of detail about APA format. We feel that students struggle the most with time or in the case of dissertation writing, they struggle with coming up with Dissertation Topics. From that point onwards, students can either manage OR for more precise help they can reach out to one of our site qualified writers. Just to give you an example Owl at purdue and their writing lab has done a lot of work to provide good resources. You can check it out by reviewing Owl at Purdue link provided here. In some cases, APA referencing and formatting can be challenging for students, and they come across sources they are not sure how to reference. While Cite This for Me is a good tool, it does not include all types of APA references. our site has several qualified and experienced academic writers, researchers, and guides who are happy to answer your questions. Submit your query on the our site website and get help with APA referencing and formatting. Our friendly writers and support staff are happy to assist you. Related Articles – https://our site.com/journal/2013/03/how-to-use-references-in-your-essays/Do you need help writing your Dissertation? Order Dissertation Today OR Call Now 855-997-2158Summary Article Name APA Essay Format Description Learn how to use APA style to reference using most commonly used sources. Author Laura our site Admin Publisher Name our site Publisher Logo

Semester Reflection

As the semester started, I had set my mind that I was destined to achieve a lot. During the start of the semester, I had several difficulties writing English assignments especially in terms of grammar. During the first week of the semester, I sat down, organized my thoughts and comprehended that throughout the semester, I had to achieve all that I had planned for. As a student of English, I had planned that throughout the semester, I had to improve my skills as a scholar, writer and critical thinker. Now that the semester has ended, I can reflect all the semester activities to depict how my writing skills and critical thinking skills have drastically improved. This paper presents a reflection paper of how this semester’s assignments have shaped me as a writer, critical thinker and scholar. Since the start of this semester, I have encountered many aspects of English that I can now understand. There are several ways through which I have shaped my writing skills over the course of the semester but one major activity of the semester that has helped me a lot especially in my writing and critical thinking skills is the semester writing assignments. During this semester, I got the opportunity to write several assignments. The two major writing assignments that helped me a lot in comprehending about the several aspects of writing were writing on â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech† and â€Å"Downloading from torrent. † During these semester writings, it was quite interesting to learn the use of English writing skills under different circumstances. First, writing a paper on â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech† instilled me with knowledge on how to analyze a speech and present the ideas and themes of the speaker. This assignment was also critical in shaping my critical thinking skills since I was able to critically analyze Obama’s speech in relation to its purpose and context. Writing this speech also enabled me acquire the skills of writing papers from first person context. I acquired the skills to use strong introductory phrases that hold the capability of capturing the reader. Flateby (p 190) argues that critical and creative writers must use descriptive words. I am now able to utilize descriptive words in my writings that are capable of creating a scenic imagination to the reader. I am also able to write a reported speech. These are writing skills that I gained after writing the paper on Obama’s acceptance speech. I believe that these are very critical skills that will help me throughout my entire course and even after my studies. Throughout the semester, I have gained skills necessary for understanding and utilizing logic while writing. I am now aware that for any writing to be scholarly, it must possess an introductory section, a body and a conclusion section. Further, I am now able to understand as well as utilize most of the basic techniques useful in pre-writing, revision and editing. Through writing the â€Å"downloading from torrents† paper, I acquired skills in word processing, sentence elements, and punctuation. Further, I developed some special skills in writing a website analysis which is a critical aspect in contemporary learning as argued by Flateby (p 182). As the semester folds, I believe that I have gained the prerequisite skills in writing and critical thinking. However, I need to improve much on some of the common problems in writing that seems to disturb me especially grammar. In regard to the development of my critical thinking aspects which cannot be depicted from my writings, I have gained several critical thinking skills from my writing assignments throughout the semester. Through writing assignments such as â€Å"downloading from torrents† and â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech† I gained the skills necessary in summarizing a given reading using my original thoughts. When I was writing â€Å"Obama’s acceptance speech†, it was a required that one had to read and understand the speech then analyze it using own thoughts and perceptions. This helped in shaping my critical thinking aspects. As denoted by Flateby (p 190), critical thinkers must have the ability to form opinions. This is a skill that I have also gained through the semester’s writing assignments. This was acquired through writing the â€Å"downloading from torrents† assignment that required the students to form personal opinions about the website. I can now form opinions with ease as well as express it with precision and clarity through writing. Further, I am also able to deduce the premise of most writers after reading a number of scholarly writings. In deed, this semester’s assignments have shaped my writing and critical thinking skills. I am now able to understand the meaning of several written works, conduct a rhetoric examination, write opinion papers, and analyze speeches, write critical analysis papers as well as effectively reference my assignments. Though I found it challenging throughout the semester, I am now able to use several examples while writing my assignments. The semester’s activities have really paid me out. As the semester started, I had a mediocre performance but I can now ascertain that as the semester ends, I am now among the best students in the whole class. To improve my grammar in the coming semester, I aim at visiting the university English writing center where I will get help on grammar. I am also planning to enroll in a part time grammar class. Though the semester’s assignments helped me in improving my performance, I still owe it the efforts of my instructor and my fellow students who tirelessly helped me in my path to becoming a great writer, a better critical thinker and a scholar.

aol essays

aol essays NEW YORK-America Online, Inc. (NYSE: AOL) and Time Warner Inc. (NYSE: TWX) announced today the management team and structure for AOL Time Warners finance organization, which will take effect upon completion of the merger of the two companies. In making the announcement, J. Michael Kelly, currently AOLs chief financial officer and senior vice president, who will become chief financial officer and executive vice president of AOL Time Warner, said: We have assembled an extraordinarily talented group of finance executives from throughout AOL and Time Warner, drawing on the strengths of both companies. This is the first step in building the foundation for a world-class finance function. We have the right team, with the right combination of skills and experience, to support the financial and strategic goals of the company and to help us realize the tremendous potential of our merger. Gerald M. Levin, chairman and CEO of Time Warner, who will become CEO of AOL Time Warner, said: "Today's executive appointments will provide AOL Time Warner with an experienced, top-flight, hard-driving financial organization which can establish the operating metrics to support the growth opportunities that will help drive our continually accelerating performance." The following executives were named to key finance positions at AOL Time Warner: John LaBarca, senior vice president, financial operations. LaBarcas responsibilities will include merger integration tracking, internal audit and purchasing. He is currently senior vice president, financial operations at Time Warner Inc. He joined Time Warner in 1993. Frederick Yeager, senior vice president, finance. Yeagers responsibilities will include advising corporate senior management on key financial issues and representing the CFO on other matters. Yeager is currently vice president, finance and development at Time Warner Inc. He joined Time Warner in 1995. Ja...

Association in Java Definition and Examples

Association in Java Definition and Examples The association relationship indicates that a class knows about, and holds a reference to, another class. Associations can be described as a has-a relationship because the typical implementation in Java is through the use of an instance field. The relationship can be bi-directional with each class holding a reference to the other. Aggregation and composition are types of association relationships. Associations join one or more of one thing against one or more of another thing. A professor might be associated with a college course (a one-to-one relationship) but also with each student in her class (a one-to-many relationship). The students in one section might be associated with the students in another section of the same course (a many-to-many relationship) while all the sections of the course relate to a single course (a many-to-one relationship). Association Example Imagine a simple war game with an AntiAircraftGun class and a Bomber class. Both classes need to be aware of each other because they are designed to destroy each other: public class AntiAirCraftGun {   Ã‚  private Bomber target;   Ã‚  private int positionX;   Ã‚  private int positionY;   Ã‚  private int damage;   Ã‚  public void setTarget(Bomber newTarget)   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.target newTarget;   Ã‚  }   Ã‚  //rest of AntiAircraftGun class } public class Bomber {   Ã‚  private AntiAirCraftGun target;   Ã‚  private int positionX;   Ã‚  private int positionY;   Ã‚  private int damage;   Ã‚  public void setTarget(AntiAirCraftGun newTarget)   Ã‚  {   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  this.target newTarget;   Ã‚  }   Ã‚  //rest of Bomber class } The AntiAirCraftGun class has-a Bomber object and the Bomber class has-a AntiAirCraftGun object.

Sustainable Energy Resourses vs. Climate Change Essay

Sustainable Energy Resourses vs. Climate Change - Essay Example 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Solar, Wind, Hydropower, and Geothermal Energy over Fossil Fuels Because of environment, health, long-term cost efficiency and other practical reasons, generating electricity out of the wind turbine, hydroelectric power plant, geothermal energy, and solar energy can be more advantageous as compared to the use of fossil fuels. When using either fossil fuels or biomass combustion, the Science Daily reported that approximately 20% of the energy produced is actually wasted as heat. Based on this context, fossil fuels and biomass are inefficient sources of electricity (â€Å"Shifting the world to 100 percent clean renewable energy as early as 2030†). Depending on the availability of renewable energy resources, the use of the wind turbine, hydroelectric power plant, geothermal energy, and solar energy system can provide us with more economic advantages since the overall supply of energy will be greater than our daily consumption needs ( "Shifting the world to 100 percent clean renewable energy as early as 2030†). Furthermore, the use of these renewable energy resources can provide us with long-term ready supply of energy without the possibility of causing serious damages to our health and environment. Among the available sources of renewable energy, the solar system is considered a very good source of electricity since the process of generating electricity from the sun can provide us with 30 times more than the total electricity that we actually need to run the entire U.S. economy (â€Å"Shifting the world to 100 percent clean renewable energy as early as 2030†). On the other hand, wind turbines are also considered as another powerful source of electricity since the energy generated from the wind... It can be derived from the report and the previous research conducted on the topic that a sustainable community is attainable provided that there is a balance between the economy, the society and the environment. During the third quarter of 2011, The Economist reported that â€Å"the global population is likely to reach 7 billion†. Due to the growing population of human beings around the world, increased in human activities could alter the climate condition of our natural environment. As a common knowledge, the existing energy sources in the United States are vital to the economic development and progress. In fact, a significant increase on the demand for energy would mean the need to increase the energy supply coming from different sources of energy. In response to the increasing demand for energy resources, the United States government is spending approximately US$500 billion each year in the development of energy sources alone. With the presence of sufficient energy supply, the local manufacturers will be able to produce consumer good items to meet the increasing local and international demand. For this reason, the U.S. Department of Energy has been relying over the use of different energy sources including: bioenergy, coal, electric power, fossil fuels, fusion, geothermal, hydrogen, hydropower, natural gas, nuclear, oil, solar and wind energy. The negative long-term socio-economic, environmental, and health benefits associated with the use of fossil fuel is more than the challenges associated with the use of renewable energy resources.